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Performance benchmarks of an array-based hand-held photoacoustic probe adapted from a clinical ultrasound system for non-invasive sentinel lymph node imaging

机译：一种基于阵列的手持式光声探头的性能基准，该探头适用于无创前哨淋巴结成像的临床超声系统

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Clinical translation of photoacoustic (PA) imaging can be facilitated by integration with commercial ultrasound (US) scanners to enable dual-modality imaging. An array-based US scanner was modified for hand-held PA imaging. The performance was benchmarked in terms of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), axial spatial resolution and sensitivity. PA images of a tube, filled with methylene blue (MB; approx. 30 mM) and placed at various depths in chicken tissue, were acquired. A 5 cm penetration depth was achieved with an 18.6 dB SNR using a laser fluence of 3 mJ cm−2, only one-seventh of the safety limit (20 mJ cm−2). An axial resolution of approximately 400 μm was maintained at all imaging depths. The PA sensitivity to MB placed 2.3 cm deep in chicken tissue was less than 100 μM. Further, after intradermal injection of MB (approx. 30 mM), a rat sentinel lymph node was clearly identified in vivo, beneath a 3.8 cm thick layer of chicken breast. The accumulated concentration of MB in the node was estimated to be approximately 7 mM. The noise-equivalent sensitivities (approx. 2 cm depth) were 17 and 85 μM, ex vivo and in vivo, respectively. These results support the use of this PA system for non-invasive mapping and image-guided needle biopsy of sentinel nodes in breast cancer patients.
机译：通过与商业超声（US）扫描仪集成以实现双模态成像，可以促进光声（PA）成像的临床翻译。对基于阵列的美国扫描仪进行了修改，以进行手持式PA成像。该性能以信噪比（SNR），轴向空间分辨率和灵敏度为基准。获得了充满亚甲蓝（MB；约30µmM）并放置在鸡组织不同深度的试管的PA图像。利用3 mJ cm-2的激光通量，以18.6 dB的SNR达到了5 cm的穿透深度，仅为安全极限（20 mJ cm-2）的七分之一。在所有成像深度下，轴向分辨率均保持在约400μm。 PA对放置在鸡组织中2.3 cm深处的MB的敏感性小于100μM。此外，在皮内注射MB（约30μmM）后，在鸡胸肉厚3.8μcm的一层之下，在体内清楚地发现了大鼠前哨淋巴结。节点中MB的累积浓度估计约为7 mM。离体和体内的等效噪声灵敏度（约2µcm深度）分别为17和85µμM。这些结果支持该PA系统用于乳腺癌患者前哨淋巴结的非侵入性标测和图像引导的穿刺活检。

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